Vegetable seedlings are a major feature of vegetable production. They are an important measure for striving for agriculture, increasing gargles, showing ability, early maturity, extending supply, reducing pests and diseases, and increasing natural disasters. Seedlings can also be used to save species, facilitate centralized management, and cultivate robust seedlings. Seedlings are usually planted or planted in the field for a suitable period of time as early as possible, or in the harsh winter and early spring on cold days, or in hot and rainy summers and early autumns. That is, in the period when the weather conditions are not suitable for the growth of vegetables, the protection facilities are used to create a suitable environment to cultivate age-appropriate seedlings. Once climatic conditions are suitable for planting in Daejeon.
A type of nursery bed
(A) The cold-bed cooling bed, also known as impotence, is a protection facility that relies on sunlight for warming. It consists of a frame, a glass cover (or film), and a straw curtain. The bed of the cooling bed should be leeward, sunny, well-drained, close to water, easily accessible, close to the vegetable plot, close to the dormitory, and easily diverted in a manageable place. Eli increased light and increased bed temperature. Bed frame structure can be made of cement and red brick, but also can be made of mud grass, but the former is durable, do not have annual maintenance, use more convenient. The general north box is 50cm high and the south box is 15cm high. Glass windows can both light and heat. Grass curtains are usually covered on glass windows during cold nights to enhance insulation. The glass window can also be replaced with agricultural film, but it is necessary to strengthen the care work on rainy days or on snowy days to ensure smooth drainage and timely clearing of snow.
(b) Plastic small arches Plastic small arches are made of bamboo scaffolds made of arched small scaffolds and covered with plastic film. The scaffolds are 50 cm high and covered with a 2 m wide film. The film is compacted with soil on one side. Eli heat insulation and windproof; the other side with a brick pressure, in order to remove the film at any time, ventilation. Small sheds are often used in early spring to sow seeds of melons, beans, or put on nutrients of eggplant seedlings and melon seedlings. Can also be used as a sham bed. Small arches are generally 1.2m wide and 20 to 30m long.
(3) Plastic greenhouses Plastic greenhouses are made of bamboo, reinforced concrete sheets or steel pipes and are made of arched circular framework materials covered with plastic film. At present, most provinces in the Yangtze River Valley use plastic greenhouses that are 30cm long, 6m wide, 20m long, and 4m wide. Plastic greenhouses are mainly used for eggplant seedlings in winter (Figure 1-2). Small plastic sheds are erected in the sheds. Electric wires are laid in small sheds for pepper, eggplant, and tomato seedlings. Plastic sheds are used as nursery facilities for cold beds and hotbeds. Plastic and small arch nursery management is convenient and effective.
Second, the preparation of seedbed culture soil
(I) The conditions for cultivation of soil The bed soil used for growing vegetables is also called culture soil. The quality of cultivated soil has a great influence on the growth and development of seedlings. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, the cultivated soil is required to be fertile, loose, slightly acidic or neutral, and has good water retention and drainage performance without germs, eggs and weed seeds. Other conditions. To make the soil have the above-mentioned good traits, it must be scientifically prepared, heaped fermented, and sterilized.
(2) The proportion of cultivated soil and the preparation of raw materials for garden soil are the main components for preparation of culture soil, and generally should account for 30 to 50%. Select garden soil to pay attention to prevent soil-borne diseases such as damping-off disease, blight, Solanaceae early blight, cotton blight, melon blight, anthracnosis, generally do not use the same vegetable garden soil. The soil in which the eggplants and melons have been cultivated should not be used, and it is better to use the soil where the beans and onions and garlic are grown. Because there are rhizobia in bean vegetables, it has a certain nitrogen fixation, which can increase the soil fertility; cultivars of onions and garlic contain a lot of sulfides such as allicin, which is beneficial to inhibit or kill pathogens in the soil. If there is indeed a difficulty in the above land, it is necessary to eradicate the topsoil and dig up the earth and soil. Garden soil is best dug in August when the high temperature, after fully baked, broken, sifted, sieved soil should be stored in the room or covered with a film, keep dry and spare. Organic fertilizers, such as manure urine and manure, other column feces or heap manure, edible fungus waste, garbage, etc., are the main sources of nutrition, and their contents should account for 20 to 30% of the culture soil. These organic fertilizers should be fully fermented and cooked before they can be used. Without composting organic fertilizer, there are many adsorption bacteria and it is easy to injure the seedlings. Therefore, pig manure slag and other manure or other stacking manure must be put to maturity before use. Or mix it with the garden soil and use it until it is completely cooked. Chemical fertilizer, approximately 1000kg of culture soil were added urea 1kg, potassium chloride 0.5kg, superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate 2kg. Carbonized chaff or grass ash can increase potassium; loosen the soil, breathe, darken the color, absorb more solar energy, increase soil temperature, and its content can account for 20% to 30% of the culture soil. When the grain shells are carbonized, the appropriate degree should be mastered. Generally, the grain shells should be completely charred, but they are still basically kept as they are. If there is a lack of chaff, it can be replaced by waste cotton seed after planting edible fungi, and piled and fermented together with garden soil and manure.
(3) Stacking of Cultured Soil After the fermentation raw materials are prepared, stacking fermentation should be performed 40 to 50 days before sowing and raising seedlings. Generally choose Gaozao, drainage well, from the ground near the nursery sites piled up on the ground, pile width 1 ~ 1.5m, pile length depends on the amount of culture soil, the pile was a long trapezoid. Specific practices: First layer on the ground a layer of 20cm thick garden soil, and then drenched with manure, and then spread a layer of 10 ~ 13cm thick manure and other miscellaneous soil fertilizer, and pouring a layer of manure. Later, continue to increase the fat heap in the order listed above, generally to 1.5m high, then cover the plastic film to prevent rain.
Third, the setting of electric hotbed
(A) The performance and type of electric heating line The electric hotbed mainly relies on the electric heating line to increase the seedbed temperature, and the electric heating line is essentially an electrothermal conversion device, which is a special wire with a certain resistivity. Its outer bread has a heat resistant vinyl resin as the insulating layer, which is buried in a certain depth of soil layer. After the electricity is passed, the current passes through the large-resistance conductor, generates a certain amount of heat, and converts the electric energy into heat energy, thereby increasing the energy. The soil temperature. The heat generated by the electric heating is horizontally transmitted horizontally and outwardly, and the transmission distance is up to about 25 cm. The heat within 15 cm is the highest, and the temperature near the electric heating heating line is higher, and vice versa. Therefore, the distribution of heat in the bed soil should be uniform and the distance between the line and the line should not exceed 30cm. At present, electric hotbed nursery uses DV type electric heating lines produced by Shanghai Agricultural Machinery Research Institute. The models are DV20406, DV20608, DV20810, and DV21012. The main technical parameters are shown in Table 1~1. Such as DV20810 model "D" indicates the electric heating line, "V" indicates the plastic insulation layer, "2" indicates that the electric heating line rated voltage is 220V, "08" indicates that the electric heating line rated power is 800W, "10 "The length of the electric heating line is 100m.
(II) Laying procedure of electric hotbed
1. Leveling the bed bottom In the PS-4 type greenhouse, the bed is 10m or 20m long and the bed is 1m wide. The beds are excavated and the bottom of the bed is leveled.
2. Spread the insulation layer on the bottom of the bed with a 5cm thick insulation layer and smooth it.
3. Prepare a number of small bamboo sticks before wiring the wiring. When wiring, connect the bamboo skewers directly at the two ends of the seedbed according to the spacing of the wiring. Then use 3 persons for wiring. Pull the cables at both ends and tighten them one by one (Figure 1-3). . Before wiring, it must be considered that the two lead wires of the electric heating line are on the same side of the seedbed in order to connect the power supply. (101) The m2 seedbed adopts 1 DV20810 electric heating line, which is just 5 round trips. The (201) m2 seed bed requires 2 DV20012 electric heating lines, which is just around 6 round trips. This ensures that the outlet lines are all in The same end of the seedbed. Care should be taken when wiring: (1) No overlap or crossover between lines and lines, and more can not be kinked, to prevent blown off at power-on. (2) The heating wire can not be lengthened or shortened at random because its resistance and power are rated, otherwise it will cause blowout. (3) When two or more electric heating lines are laid in the same bed, they can only be used in parallel and not in series.
4. After the power test line is laid, turn on the power, close the knife switch, and turn on the power for 1~2min. If the electric heating line becomes soft and hot, it means that the work is normal and you can cover the bed; if the electric heating line is not hot, it means the line is not open. Check the wiring and troubleshoot.
5. After covering the bed with the electricity test, the bed should be covered with a bed of 8 to 10 cm thick, ie covering 100 to 125 kg of bed soil per m2. When covering the soil, it should be noted that part of the bed soil will be used to press the electric heating section to avoid displacement when filling the soil, and the bed soil should be laid in the direction of extending the electric heating line. After the bed is covered, the bed surface is flattened with a wooden board for sowing.
IV. Seeding of electric hotbed
(I) Determination of the time of sowing The sowing time of the electrothermal hotbed depends on the cultivation method, the purpose of cultivation, and the amount of electrification time. Early spring cultivation of greenhouses, solanaceous fruit should be sowed in mid-late October, cultivation of seedlings over the winter age, planted in the middle of February in a plastic shed, cucumber should be sowed in early February, in mid-March, planted in a plastic shed. In open field cultivation, solanaceous fruits were sown in late December to early January, and planted in open ground in early April; cucumbers were sown in early March and were planted in open field in early April. In addition, if early-maturing varieties are selected, they can be properly sown for 7-10 days for early maturing purposes; medium and late-maturing varieties may be selected for late-season cultivation for the purpose of high-yield cultivation. The seedlings have a short energizing time and the seedlings grow slowly and can be sown early. In recent years, some vegetable farmers have explored the method of energizing only during the seedling period and not using electricity during other periods, and the method of sowing the planting time to mid-November has greatly reduced the cost of raising seedlings.
(b) Pre-seeding seed treatment A common method for seed treatment in production at present is soaking and germination of warm soup.
1. Soaking in warm soup Soaking in warm soup can kill pathogens that lurk on the seed surface and promote even water absorption. The specific approach is: The seeds are packed in a gauze bag (only half a bag is used to agitate the seeds), generally immersed in room temperature water for 15 minutes, and then transferred to warm water of 55-60°C. The amount of water is 5 to the seed amount. 6 times, in order to make the seed evenly heated, it is necessary to continuously stir, and timely replenish hot water, so that the water temperature is maintained within the required temperature of 10 ~ 15min. Then let the water temperature gradually drop and continue to soak for a few hours. Usually solanaceous seeds are soaked for 4 to 5 hours and cucumber, pumpkin and melon seeds are soaked for 2 to 3 hours. Other melon seeds are prolonged soaking time depending on the seed coat thickness.
Warm soup soaking should pay attention to strict control of water temperature and time. The temperature is too low and the time is too short to achieve a bactericidal effect. If the temperature is too high and the time is too long, the seeds will be scalded. Do not pour directly on the seeds when heating water. After soaking, rinse the surface of the seed with clean water and drain the surface moisture.
2. Germination and germination can quickly and neatly bud the seeds, shorten the heating time in the electric heating bed and reduce energy consumption. The practice is: soak the seeds of warm soup with wet fine coal ash and mix well. The volume ratio of seeds and coal ash is 1:2 to 3, and the water content is adjusted to 60% after mixing, ie It is advisable to open it. Then, the fly ash mixed seeds are put into containers (crockpots, plastic bags, etc.), and vent holes are left above or on the side, and then placed in a thermostatic chamber at 28 to 30° C. or in a soil thermostat. During the germination process, the seeds are viewed every 12 hours, turning the seed and supplementing with oxygen and water. Generally, after 15 to 20 hours, the cucumber seeds are 2-3 days old, the pepper seeds are 3-4 days old, and the eggplant seeds can germinate 3 to 5 days later. When it is found that 75% of the seeds germinate (powder mouth), you can sow.
3. Seed sowing should be selected sunny or cold wave just after the warm weather is about to proceed. When the germination starts, grasp the dynamics of the weather changes to ensure that the weather is good at the time of sowing. Put enough bottom water on the flat bed before sowing. After the water is soaked, sprinkle a thin layer of medicinal soil (the proportion of the medicinal soil is by weight, and 1 part of the medicine is mixed with 1000 parts of soil. Commonly used pesticides are pentachloro nitrate. Benzene, Dixon, Formosa, etc.) and then start sowing. The seeding rate per m2 varies depending on the type of crop, tomato 8 to 10 g, pepper 15 to 20 g, eggplant 10 g, and cucumber 40 to 50 g. Solanaceous fruits and cucumber seedlings are all required to be planted. Therefore, the sowing method is generally adopted. The germinating seeds are spread evenly on the seed bed together with the coal ash, and then the 0.5 to 1.0 cm thick cover seed culture soil is promptly applied and sprayed with a watering can. A thin layer of water, washed out of the seeds and then covered with soil cultivation. In order to increase the heat preservation and moisturizing effect, after the bed is covered with a layer of plastic film, a small plastic arch shed is set to form a plastic film, a small arch shed, and a three-layer greenhouse to cover the heat preservation.
V. Seedling cultivation and management
(1) The seedbed management refers to the management of sowing till the seedlings. It can be divided into three periods.
1. Seedling stage from sowing to cotyledon micro-exhibition, generally takes 3 to 5 days, and management mainly maintains higher temperature and humidity. After sowing is generally not ventilated, the temperature is maintained at 25 ~ 30 °C is appropriate, the relative humidity of the air in more than 80% to reduce bed soil evaporation. If the bottom water is found to be insufficient, water should be replenished promptly. After the third day of sowing, the seedlings began to arch the soil. If the seedlings were found to be “cappedâ€, remedial measures could be taken. If the soil was too thin, cover the soil. If the topsoil was too dry, spray the water to help the shell. When a small number of seedlings are found, do not immediately remove the mulch, otherwise the seedlings will not be neat, and most seedling cotyledons should be unearthed before the mulch film can be removed. However, it is not possible to remove the film too late so as to avoid the formation of "high-fat seedlings". ".
2. Breaking the heart From the microscopic development of the cotyledon to the growth of the heart, it usually takes about a week or more. The characteristic of co-growth is that the seedlings are transferred to the greening stage, the growth rate is slowed down, the photosynthesis of the cotyledons begins, and there is moderate accumulation of dry matter. The management of this period mainly ensures the stable growth of seedlings. There are four main measures:
1) Lower the bed temperature. Pepper and eggplant are controlled at 18 to 20°C during the day and 14 to 16°C at night; the cucumber and tomato bed temperature control should be about 2°C lower than the pepper and eggplant. While cooling down, it is important to prevent the seedlings from freezing, and it is very difficult for the seedlings to recover after the heartbreak period is frozen, and even form a "bald-headed seedling."
2) Reduce humidity. If the bed soil is too wet, there will be less seedling fibrous roots, and the hypocotyls of the seedlings will grow too quickly, resulting in leggy, and at the same time, they will easily induce cataplexy, gray mold and other diseases. Bed soil moisture is generally controlled at a water holding capacity of 60% to 80%. In the case of excessive humidity, ventilation, control of watering, scattering of fine soil and other measures can be used to reduce the humidity, so that the surface of the bed soil is “whiteâ€, so that no “white water†is sprayed, so that the lower embryo can be controlled. The elongation of the shaft, in turn, promotes deep downward roots. The humidity of the air should not be too high, and the relative humidity is usually 60% to 70%. The main method to reduce the air humidity is ventilation. When ventilating, pay attention to the ventilating direction.
3) Strengthen lighting. Adequate light is an important guarantee for improving the quality of seedlings in the greening period. Therefore, under the condition of ensuring the suitable temperature for greening, the seedlings should be exposed to sunlight as much as possible. When the temperature is not too low, try to expose the film in the morning as early as possible and delay the cover film as much as possible in the afternoon.
4) Timely deletion of seedlings. In order to prevent seedling crowding and the hypocotyl elongation is too fast to form "high-legged seedlings."
3. Basic nutrient growth period The seedlings mainly perform vegetative growth during this period, and the relative growth rate is relatively high, especially the root weight increases rapidly. The length of this period, in addition to melons, peppers and tomatoes generally need to go through 20 to 30 days. The basic principle of its management is: After undergoing the "control" management of the broken period, it will also be transferred to the management of "promoting", and the main measures taken are to "promote" the following.
1) Increase the bed temperature properly. The bed temperature will be increased by 2~3°C over the break period, and temperature management will be adopted. During the day, the temperature will be high (20~23°C) and the nighttime temperature will be slightly lower (13~16°C).
2) Strengthen photosynthesis. During this growth period, a lot of nutrients are accumulated. Therefore, light must be increased to enhance photosynthesis. Generally, in the absence of artificial light, the weather is as bright as possible when the weather is rough, and it is necessary to select proper ventilation before and after the rainy weather.
3) In terms of water management, ensure that the surface of bed soil is in a semi-dry and semi-wet state. This requires watering immediately when the surface of the bed soil is not yet white. Normally in normal sunny weather, every 2~3d should be watered once, each time the water quantity per m2 is about 0.5kg. This will ensure that the surface of the bed soil will have wet, dry and wet alternations, which will play a good role in the prevention of damping-off and gray mold.
4) Appropriate top dressing. If the bed soil nutrient is not enough, the seedlings grow weakly and should be combined with water for topdressing, top dressing can use 0.1% of NPK compound fertilizer or 20% to 30% of composted manure water.
5) To improve the seedling resistance and adapt to the environmental conditions after seedling separation, it is generally necessary to gradually reduce the temperature in the 2 to 3 days before seedling separation, so as to adapt the seedlings for adaptive exercise.
(b) Sub-seedlings and seedlings are also known as false or row seedlings. It is to prevent seedlings from being crowded, increase the distance between seedlings, increase the area of ​​nutrition, meet the light and nutrient conditions required for the growth and development of seedlings, promote the further growth and development of seedlings, make seedlings with thick stems, short internodes, dark green leaves, and roots. Development is the fundamental measure for nurturing strong seedlings.
1. Seedbed preparations The seedbed should be prepared as early as possible, only beds and other seedlings, not seedlings and other beds. Generally, it should be prepared in half of the seedling period, and the base fertilizer should be fully applied and covered with a plastic film to keep the bed soil dry.
2. The sub-seedling period should be determined according to the climatic conditions and the morphological indicators of seedlings. After the spring, the climate is warming, and there is no big ups and downs, and the seedlings can be started. From the aspect of the seedlings' morphological indicators, cucumbers are divided into two sub-leaves and three to four true leaves are used as the seedlings.
3. The seedling density per seedling density varies according to the species. According to experiments, the seedling density has a great relationship with the previous crop yield, the general seedling distance increases, the previous period yield increases significantly, and higher yields can be obtained. Therefore, in the case of adequate seedbeds, appropriate thin seedlings will be conducive to the development of strong seedlings, specific seedling density: cucumber, tomato 1010cm, eggplant 88cm, pepper 6.56.5cm.
4. Sub-seedling method Sub-seedlings should be spotted on the weather, and the days of “cold tail warming head†and eye-catching windlessness should be selected and they should be completed before and after noon. The seedlings should be watered before the seedlings in order to dig the seedlings, bring more soil and less root damage. When splitting the seedlings, it is best to separate and plant the seedlings to facilitate management. The seedlings should be shallow, generally 1 to 2 cm out of the cotyledon. After sub-seedling, the root soil should be cultivated and the root water poured. In addition to the use of seedlings in seedlings, in recent years, nutrient splitting seedlings have been widely used in sowing fruit vegetables and melons. Nutrient seedlings can shorten the seedlings transplanted to the seedlings of Daejeon, and they will survive immediately after planting to accelerate the growth and development of the plants. This is an important measure to capture early and high yields of fruits and vegetables. Common nutrients include plastic rakes, paper rakes, and grasshoppers. The upper diameter is 9cm, the lower diameter is 7cm, and the height is about 9cm. No matter whether it is seedling seedlings or nutritious seedlings, it must be covered with a small plastic shed to protect against cold.
(3) Management of seedbeds The growth time of seedlings in the seedbeds is relatively long and can generally be divided into three periods for management.
1. After seedlings are seeded at the seedling stage, the roots of the seedlings are damaged to a certain extent, and 4 to 7 D are required for restoration. During this period, it is necessary to maintain a relatively high bed temperature in management, and strive to have a temperature of 18 to 22°C, a temperature of 25 to 30°C during the day and 20°C at night. At the same time, it needs to be suffocated and basically not ventilated to maintain high air humidity, reduce the transpiration of plants, prevent the seedlings from losing too much water and causing serious wilting, thereby promoting the healing of wounds and the occurrence of new roots.
2. Strong growth period The seedlings in this period have a large amount of growth, a fast growth rate, a rapid increase in leaf area, and a simultaneous vegetative and reproductive growth. In management, it is necessary to provide suitable temperature, strong light, sufficient water and nutrients, and to show that there is control and promotion of steady growth. After the seedlings resumed growth, the temperature control index should be slightly lower than the slow seedling period, generally the temperature is lowered by 4 to 5°C, and the ground temperature is lowered by about 2°C. And more ventilation should be seen to improve the photosynthetic efficiency of seedlings, but also to ensure the supply of water and nutrients. In normal sunny weather, 2 to 3D water once, rainy weather 4 to 5d water once, to prevent bed soil "dark white." Watering should be combined with topdressing, and 0.2% of NPK compound fertilizer and about 30% of human urine can be poured.
3. In order to improve the adaptability of the seedlings to the post-planting environment and to shorten the time for seedlings after planting, the seedlings should be exercised about one week before planting. Specific measures include:
1) Decrease the bed temperature The daytime temperature can be reduced to 18 to 20°C and 13 to 15°C at night.
2) Controlling the moisture in the seedling stage is generally no longer watering, and promotes the bed soil to be “whiteâ€.
3) Uncovering the membrane ventilation When starting the hardening of the seedlings, remove some of the membranes first. With the extension of the hardening time, it should be gradually uncovered, and finally the membranes should be fully opened to fully adapt to the open environment.
4) The drug should be given 2-3 days before planting under Daejeon, to prevent disease and bring insects under the field.
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