Problems in dairy farming communities
The purpose of the community planners in building the community is to gather a certain number of dairy farmers and earn dairy subsidies for dairy enterprises. The more cattle, the more milk and the more subsidies. Therefore, during the construction of dairy farming communities, the owners considered how to increase the amount of milk, and the health and safety of milk did not receive attention or were not considered at all. In addition, restrictions on funds, knowledge structure, and land were imposed on the planning, layout, and design of the community. There are certain deficiencies or defects in the management and management, which poses certain hidden troubles for the rearing of dairy cows, production management, disease control, quality control of raw milk, and control of the sanitary environment.
Easy to increase the difficulty of disease prevention and control
When choosing a ranch address, it is important to prevent the spread of animal diseases between farms. Natural separation is extremely important. If it is simple to artificially keep farmers' dairy cows together in a single farming area and raise them without paying attention to management in all aspects, even if there are “six uniform†management systems, it is easy to spread the disease to each other. There are cattle farmers, there are open pawn shops, but also open taxis, etc., have heard that dairy cows have high efficiency and subsidy and transferred into, hire people to raise, personnel quality is a problem, especially in recent years, aquaculture efficiency It is often difficult to achieve "six unifications" when it is not good. Except for the unified construction of cowsheds and the unified acquisition of fresh milk, the dairy cows are owned by farmers, other production costs and management are provided for each, pastures are planted or acquired, feeds are individually purchased or processed, excrement is handled separately, and crude feeds are individually stacked. , Cows are free to enter and leave, etc., that is, work time is often the management of each, most of the community is difficult to achieve unity. In the spare time, each breeder walks around or in groups of three or five percent to drink tea, chat, and play poker. It is also common that breeding tools borrow from each other, and individual dewitting dairy cows run from time to time. Because management can't keep up, the introduction of diseased cows by other breeders and the spread of pathogenic microorganisms by humans, animals and dairy cows are often more obvious than in individual farms. The monitoring results of some diseases in recent years also illustrate this problem. If there are farmers who are mainly profit-making in the sale of dairy cows in the community, the disease in the community is often difficult to control, and new diseases will frequently occur.
Increase the difficulty of feeding and feeding costs
Due to the increasing demand of forage grasses after centralized raising of dairy cows by multiple farmers, the supply and demand relationship between pasture and land and agricultural and sideline products has changed, and the prices of land and green roughage have been relatively increased, and supply prices have become tighter; the distance between planting sites has increased and transportation costs have increased. , transport machinery investment. Therefore, the cost of raising the breeding area is naturally higher than that of a relatively independent farm.
Increase the pollution of cow's excreta to the environment
Cow manure is mostly used for pasture cultivation. When it is naturally digested, it is generally exported to cattle farms for fish farming, mushroom production, fertilizer production, and organic fertilizers. Due to the scale expansion of dairy cows after centralized feeding, the supply and demand of cattle dung in this area has changed, export prices have fallen, and farm income has fallen. If the raising of dairy cows continues to increase and the problem of export sales is a problem, the farmers have to pile up each one, and some of them are piled up around the community, causing pollution to the community and the surrounding environment. It has also been found that there are individuals in small-scale communities who have nowhere to put cow dung, and pour into the stream on the sidelines. People complain about it and become a problem.
Effect on milk quality and purchase price
Dairy products processing enterprises purchase milk according to the price of quality, and the community generally has a milk collection site and it is also convenient for farmers to send milk. The shortening of milking time is conducive to controlling the reproduction of microorganisms in milk. However, as mentioned above, cows entering the farming community have increased opportunities for infected microorganisms, and the types and quantities of microorganisms in milk will also increase accordingly. In independent farms, if the number of dairy cows and raw milk reaches a certain level, dairy companies will also set up milk collection sites and have refrigeration facilities. With the same management, raw milk quality is more easily controlled, and the price of milk is naturally higher. .
Problems caused by other human factors
During the construction of dairy farming communities, there is a lack of planning to varying degrees, or the opinions of relevant experts such as livestock husbandry, veterinarians, environmental protection and construction have not been solicited, and are constrained by many factors such as technology, ideas, funds, and land. Problems related to environmental pollution, dairy cow breeding, dairy cattle epidemic prevention and pasture supply, milking and raw milk cooling facilities in the construction and layout of cattle farms are not fully considered or restricted, so they lay a foundation for the prevention and control of subsequent dairy cow production and epidemics. Some hidden problems that are not easy to solve.
Cell addresses are often unsatisfactory. When choosing a site, there is often no deeper consideration of the interaction between the surrounding environment and the farming community. After the cows were moved from the villages to the dairy district, the environmental pollution of the villages was reduced, but some dairy districts caused pollution to the new social environment. Environmental pollution caused by other livestock and poultry farms, slaughterhouses, factories and mines, villages and past pedestrians, animals and their products, etc. in the surrounding areas did not attract sufficient attention to the impact on the dairy community. This not only affects pasture planting, but also affects the health of dairy cows and controls the quality of milk. Some sites are located near village entrances and exits and major highways and railways for image and convenience. They are also built on top of flat grain fields and other farms, slaughterhouses, factories and mines where environmental pollution is relatively serious.
In the southern regions where the population is densely populated and the traffic economy is advanced, it is very difficult to choose a place that is entirely suitable for large-scale farming communities (farms). First, we must consider the mutual influence between the surrounding environment and the farming community (field), the second is to be limited by the land, and the third is to be affected by funds and water circuits. It is relatively easy to build a relatively independent dairy farm with suitable scale according to local conditions.
The layout of buildings in the community is mostly unreasonable. In most of the established breeding areas, most of the buildings are overcrowded. Only the number of breeding heads is considered. The result can easily lead to the spread of epidemics among cowsheds. The area of ​​dairy farms is too small or not, and cow dung is not treated. Difficulty and difficult haystacks, living areas connected to the production area, no obvious isolation and disinfection measures, etc., affect the cleanliness of cattle farms, dairy cattle growth and disease control.
The incomplete infrastructure facilities in the community are affected by the investment and construction of infrastructure facilities by the owners or farmers because of capital, property rights, revenue, site, and management. As a result, the sewage treatment facilities are not sound or the stacking of cow dung is difficult; or the silage is lacking. Ammonia facilities; or lack of independent veterinary room, disinfection facilities at the entrance to the cattle farms, and isolation observation facilities for cattle and diseased cows purchased in other places; or inadequate equipment such as cooling milk for raw milk, feed cutting machines, and fully-mixed ration mixers, etc. Some are also useless.
The planning layout and supervision of the community can not be fully implemented. There is a lack of comprehensive planning for the construction of dairy farming communities and dairy products processing capacity, animal epidemic prevention, quality control of raw milk, land use, pasture supply, and environmental protection. The construction of the community is arbitrarily arrogant. It is based on the willingness of the community owners (preparators) to construct and use them, affecting the subsequent prevention and control of dairy cow production and animal epidemics.
The internal management system of the community is not perfect, and the management is not in place because there are no clear restrictive conditions for the various households in the community, the entry and exit of people, vehicles, and dairy cows, the disposal of manure waste, the treatment of dead animals and poultry, and the quality control of raw milk, etc. It is difficult to form an institutionalized management. Most people in charge of farming communities want to manage but cannot control them. The "six unifications" have mostly become forms. Some of them are only institutional forms. They have not been implemented in practical work. Each owner has its own responsibility. Dairy cattle breeding and epidemic prevention and control are lack of systematic management and they are highly random.
Dairy farm production management is still a long way from feeding dairy cows what to eat, long-term care does not grazing, lack of brushing and limb care of cattle body, animal epidemic prevention and health care work did not attract enough attention, chances Severe, the result: dairy cows do not play the potential of lactation, quality is difficult to guarantee, the rate of mating fetus is low, many obstetric diseases and high elimination rate. The account management of the cattle farms in terms of epidemic prevention, sanitation, disinfection, isolation, production records (including dairy breeding, milk production quality, feed veterinary drug usage, and disease treatment) has not been formed or is not standardized extensively.
The lack of green hay and silage is also a major difficulty in the development of the dairy industry. The composition of dairy cow rations is unreasonable, which affects the production and quality of raw milk, and also affects the effective development of dairy cows' lactation potential.
The structure of the community cowshed also needs to be improved. The size of the community's cowshed structure (including cattle beds, windows, guardrails, food troughs, and sewers, etc.) is varied, and some of them are obviously not conducive to heat protection, rest, diet, and sewerage of dairy cows. All of these affect the healthy growth of dairy cows, raw milk quality and animal disease control. In recent years, the government has carried out enhanced management and policy support in the area of ​​community disease surveillance, pollution control, and standardized construction. For example, if pollution control is used to subsidize the production of biogas digesters and supervision is intensified, the pollution in the breeding communities will be improved.
The benefit of cattle breeding is poor or loss. The disease is the first to bear the brunt. The irrational diet structure and the unfavorable feeding conditions are also important aspects. Another reason is that the price of milk is controlled by the company and the price is too low.
Focusing on the hygiene and safety of dairy products, we will comprehensively upgrade the standardization of dairy farming communities (ranches).
The establishment of dairy farming communities (farms) in the future must be tailored to local conditions. It is advisable for farmers with a certain amount of funds and dairy cows to establish independent farms and develop appropriate scales. Implementation of dairy farms or aquaculture farms that are conducive to disease prevention and control, pasture supply, waste and urine disposal, dairy cattle grazing and production management. Do a good job of overall planning, community address, layout, cowshed structure, internal facilities and cattle farm management, nutrition control, disease prevention and control should all be considered from the dairy cow health, raw milk production and quality, the economic benefits of cattle and environmental protection and other comprehensive consideration, standardized production, Large-scale operation, truly and effectively promote the healthy development of the dairy industry.
Community (field) address selection to science
Mainly consider the following aspects: First, the ground is high dry, the ground is relatively flat, but there must be - a certain slope, in order to facilitate drainage and sewage, there is excrement, litter digestion of orchards, pasture land; Second, to stay away from pollution sources, such as chemical plants , paper mills, slaughterhouses and other livestock and poultry farms, where possible to choose a natural isolation effect of the place; third, complete water and electricity, adequate water, good water quality; Fourth, to facilitate transportation, but to avoid the traffic (away from the village and The major traffic arteries are more than 500 meters away.) Five sources of forage grass and agricultural and sideline products are sufficient to reduce the cost of feeding and control pathogenic microorganisms.
The internal layout of the community (field) should be reasonable
First of all, the cowshed should be planned in a unified manner to ensure that the dairy cows have a comfortable and hygienic living and production environment. The free-range cowsheds, free cattle beds and milking at the milking parlour are more conducive to the health of dairy cows and the quality of raw milk; secondly, the cowsheds There must be sufficient distance between the cows to ensure that the cows have sufficient activity area (more than 3 square meters per cow) and reserve space for other infrastructures. The cowsheds are best separated by green belts; third, living areas Separated from the barn and kept a large distance and isolation facilities; Fourth, the community (field) should have a wall, the entrance and each barn door set disinfection pool, UV disinfection room (more clothes), cowshed downwind and Outside the community (field), set up separate treatment of diseased cattle isolation and isolation, outsourcing of isolation and isolation of dairy cows.
Community (field) infrastructure must be complete
Around the health of dairy cows and the health and safety of dairy products, it is necessary to ensure water, electricity and road links, and to ensure good water quality. Second, to implement uniform stacking of livestock and poultry excreta, construction of manure wastewater treatment facilities, and comprehensive development and utilization of solid-liquid separation conditions; Third, milking machines, raw milk cooling tanks, feed choppers, feed processing, and fully-mixed-ration (TMR) blenders should be provided. Fourth, there must be a veterinary room and a breeding room equipped with full-time and technically competent veterinarians and service personnel.
Community (field) construction must have an overall plan
The relevant functional departments of the government should make full use of the geographical advantages of the Shanshan mountains and mountains, combine the number of dairy cows, labor advantages, pasture supply (including agricultural and sideline products, farmer's cultivation of grass), and processing capabilities of dairy products. Build an overall plan, rationalize the layout, and promote the overall healthy and coordinated development of the dairy industry in the region. Ensure that the dairy farming community (field) completes a mature one.
Community (field) management should be institutionalized
Each farmer in the community (farm) shall endure hardships, participate in feeding and management, and submit to management. Based on this, it shall establish and improve all management systems from the bottom up (including working hours, cows' epidemic prevention, access of people's cattle, raw milk, etc.) Quality, etc.) The implementation of unified management, the implementation of self-cultivation and isolation and disinfection system, strict control of environmental health and animal diseases. The veterinary department must strengthen supervision, pass the “Animal Epidemic Prevention Certificate†review, and regulate the institutionalization of animal epidemic prevention.
Cow feeding and management should be scientific
According to the natural requirements of dairy cows' growth and the needs of production, a good environment and full-price diets are provided to effectively prevent the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms and the effects of various other stresses, thereby ensuring the normal growth and production of dairy cows. Activity is the most basic natural requirement of dairy cows. It is necessary to insist on grazing and change the habits of long-term support. Vigorously promote the pasture cultivation and silage amination project, and establish pasture planting contracts with neighboring farmers to solve the bottleneck of shortage of pasture for dairy cows in the south, especially to make full use of the winter leisure field.
The scale-operated dairy farming communities (fields) have general business risks, but they also have non-stopping animal feeding and contagious diseases. Farmers need to be aware of risks and have the ability to resist risks. Therefore, we must establish modern The company's business philosophy is based on the requirements of cow production and animal epidemic prevention, and carries out hazard analysis and key point control (HAC? é„„CP), and uses the concept of biosafety system to improve the quality of raw milk production, control of production costs and animal disease. Control and other work.
After China's dairy industry joins the World Trade Organization, it faces a new pattern of international competition, and the quality of raw milk is the biggest gap between Chinese and foreign dairy products. Therefore, the high degree of concern and strict control over the quality of raw milk is a major consideration for practitioners. Promoting and standardizing the construction of large-scale dairy farms or breeding communities is the most effective means to improve the quality of raw milk.
The fundamental solution to these problems is to solve the problems of human quality and the development philosophy of enterprises (cells, grazing areas). Strengthen the training of management, technology, and legal and other related businesses of pasture owners, managers, keepers, and related functional departments, improve the quality of employees, and change ideology from grasping production to improving quality. The state shall use the direct supplemental funds, project funds, and energy for business training that is beneficial to improving the overall healthy development of the dairy industry, which will benefit the dairy farmers, and will be easy to operate, industry supervision, and harmless treatment subsidies for dead animals. And support loan interest. Focusing on the quality and safety of dairy products, we will provide strong training, management, and promotion of norms to fully promote the healthy breeding of dairy cows and ensure the stable development of the dairy industry.
For the treatment :
[Of all the diseases of the nervous system, the most common difficulty that people have is pain, and much of that is nerve-related," according to Dr. Shai Gozani, founder and CEO of NeuroMetrix, a medical device company. [There are 100 million people who live with chronic pain."
According to the Mayo Clinic, patients with nerve disorders experience functional difficulties, which result in conditions such as:
Epilepsy, in which abnormal electrical discharges from brain cells cause seizures
Parkinson's disease, which is a progressive nerve disease that affects movement
Multiple sclerosis (MS), in which the protective lining of the nerves is attacked by the body`s immune system
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a motor neuron disease which weakens the muscles and progressively hampers physical function
Huntington's disease, which is an inherited condition that cause the nerve cells in the brain to degenerate
Alzheimer's disease, which covers a wide range of disorders that impacts mental functions, particularly memory.
Mayo Clinic also noted that the nervous system can also be affected by vascular disorders such as:
Stroke, which occurs when there is bleeding on the brain or the blow flow to the brain is obstructed;
Transient ischemic attack (TIA), which are mini-type strokes that last a shorter period of time but mimic stroke symptoms; and
Subarachnoid hemorrhage, which is specifically bleeding in the space between your brain and the surrounding membrane that can be the result of a trauma or rupturing of a weak blood vessel;
Infections such as meningitis, encephalitis, polio, and epidural abscess can also affect the nervous system, the NIH noted.
Treatments vary from anti inflammatory medications and pain medications such as opiates , to implanted nerve stimulators and wearable devices, Gozani said. [Many people also turn to herbal and holistic methods to reduce pain, such as acupuncture."
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