Schisandra is mainly produced in the three provinces of Northeast China, Hebei, Shanxi, Ningxia, Shandong, Shaanxi and other provinces. It is a high-grade fruit and is the best raw material for health wine brewing. Schisandra is used as medicine for medicine. It has the functions of strengthening lung and relieving cough, nourishing kidney and phlegm, and nourishing qi and fluid. It treats neurasthenia, lung deficiency, cough and asthma, spontaneous sweating, nocturnal enuresis, and long-term diarrhea. It is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The efficacy of both food and medicine has a very broad market prospect.
I. Morphological characteristics and growth habits
Schisandra is a perennial deciduous wood vine with a length of 6-8 meters. The branches are reddish-brown, the old branches are dark gray, the surface is slightly cracked, with aroma, the leaves are born on young branches, the leaves are alternate, the petiole is slender; the leaves are ovate, obovate or broadly elliptic, with pointed tips and base wedges. Flowers are unisexual, axillary, occasionally male and female, with aroma. Berry globose, 5-7 mm in diam., red when mature. Each fruit contains 1-2 seeds. Seed coat yellowish brown. Flowering period from May to July, fruit ripening period from September to October.
Schisandra is a moist and cool environment, but it is not resistant to low water. There is no main root, only a few roots, so it is not resistant to drought. Hi fat fertile soil. It is cold-tolerant and needs moderate shading. The seedlings are not exposed to the sun in the early stage, but after 5-6 true leaves are grown, more sunshine is required.
Second, Schisandra seedling technology
Breeding of Schisandra seedlings, there are generally several methods such as sowing, cutting and layering, and production is often based on seeding and seedlings.
(1) Seeding and seedling cultivation
1. Seed collection, stratification and germination
Mature red fruits are harvested from late August to mid-September. The peeled flesh is removed, and the glutinous grains are removed and dried in a cool place. Soak the seeds in clean water for 2-3 days in the middle and late December, change the water once a day, then mix the wet seeds with the clean river sand in a ratio of 1;3, put them in a bag or sack, and ventilate in the outdoor without collecting water. The excavation depth is 0.7 meters, the width is 0.8 meters, the length is less than 2 meters, the soil is covered with soil, the grass is moisturized, the temperature is maintained at 0-5 °C, the sand humidity is generally 40-50% of the saturated content, usually clenched into a group by hand. No dripping water. The time required for the stratification of Schisandra seeds is 80-100 days. About half a month before sowing, the seeds are sieved out of the layered sand, soaked in cold water for 3-4 days, and water is changed once a day. The soaked seed coats are split or exposed to the radicle and can be sown.
2. Nursery selection and preparation before sowing
The nursery land is best to choose a flat terrain, convenient water supply, good drainage, loose and fertile sandy loam. The nursery ground should be ploughed and fined before the soil is frozen in the previous year, and the depth of ploughing is 25-30cm. Combined with the autumn turf, the base fertilizer is applied, and about 5m2 of farmyard manure per mu (667m2).
3, open field live
The open field broadcast can be carried out in spring sowing (from late March to mid-April) and autumn sowing (before soil freezing). Before planting, make a low raft that is 1m long. The seeding method is carried out by using the strip method, that is, a row spacing of 15-20 cm on the surface of the crucible, a shallow groove of 2-3 cm in depth, and a seeding of 100-120 g per 100 square meters. Cover 2cm fine soil. The kneading is suppressed, water is poured, and a layer of straw curtain is covered on the bed to keep the soil moisture until the seedlings are unearthed. In order to prevent blight and other soil-borne diseases, 800-1000 times 50% dexamethasone is sprayed with water after planting the soil.
When the emergence rate reached 50%-70%, the cover was removed and a simple shade shed was set up, and the seedlings were removed at 5-6 cm. In the seedling stage, weeding and loosening the soil at the appropriate time. When the seedlings grow 3-4 true leaves, the seedlings are kept, and the plant spacing is kept at 7-10 cm. In the seedling stage, the topdressing was carried out twice. The first time the demolition shed was removed, the ditch was opened between the rows of seedlings, and each seedbed was applied with 200-250 g of ammonium nitrate; potassium sulfate was 50-60 g; the second time was carried out at a height of about 10 cm. Each seedbed is applied with 300-400 g of diammonium phosphate and 60-80 g of potassium sulfate. Appropriately increase the number of watering after fertilization to facilitate seedling growth.
4, protected area nutrition nursery
In the place where the frost-free period is short, the seedlings are usually broadcasted in two years. If the nursery seedlings are planted in advance in the protected area, and then transplanted in the open nursery, the purpose of the seedlings in the same year can be achieved.
Seeding and post-sowing management In the first half of March, the plastic greenhouse was buckled to make nutrient meal. The specifications were 8×10cm, 8×12cm or 10×10cm. The ratio of nutrient soil was 1:3 ratio of Xihe sand to humus soil. And add 5% of the farmyard manure and 0.3% of diammonium phosphate (grinding powder) at a ratio of 5%. Before sowing, water is poured into the nutrient soil. When planting, the subsoil and the soil cover are mixed with the seedlings. After sowing, watering is combined with spraying 800-1000 times of the ammonium. Seed 2 seeds per pot and cover soil 1-1.5cm.
After sowing, maintain proper humidity. Generally, water should be poured once every 2-3 days. After the seedlings are out, it should be shaded for about 20 days. When the temperature is above 30 °C, it should be ventilated and cooled. Seedling transplanting and management of the land before the first half of June, the seedlings were transferred to the nursery with soil. Before planting the seedlings, the nursery should be fully prepared (fertilization, tumbling, ridges, etc.). When planting the seedlings, use a flat shovel to break the ridge and open a 15cm deep ditch, and apply the bottom fertilizer (400-500Kg per acre of high-quality farmyard manure). The seedlings are placed in a ditch at a distance of 10-15 cm, filled with fine soil, watered, and finally sealed. After the seedlings are moved into the nursery, the soil is flooded in time when the soil is dry, and the grass is loosened. The first top dressing was carried out in early July. 30-40g of ammonium nitrate and 10-15g of potassium sulfate per extended rice ridge; the second top dressing in early August, Shi San
Compound fertilizer 50g or diammonium phosphate 40g, potassium sulfate 10g.
(2) Cutting propagation
Cutting propagation is one of the methods of asexual reproduction. Therefore, the cutting seedlings can maintain the characteristics and characteristics of the original variety relatively stably, and the consistency is strong. With the increase of excellent varieties and their provenances, this method will become the main breeding seedlings. method.
Hardwood cuttings: In the middle and late April, the first year of the mother tree is cut into 8-10cm cuttings, and a 3-5cm new tip is left in the upper part. The base of the cuttings is soaked with 200PPM α-naphthoic acid or citric acid for 24 hours or Dip for 2 minutes with 2000 PPM. The upper layer of the cutting substrate is 5-7 cm of fine river sand, and the lower layer is about 10 cm of nutrient soil (the topsoil of the field and the mature farmyard manure). The cuttings are at an angle of 30° to the surface of the bed, the cutting density is 5×10 cm, and the seedling bed is buckled to the shade shed. Before the roots are inserted, the leaves are kept moist.
Green branch cutting: In the middle and late May, collect the semi-woody new shoots, cut into 8-10cm cuttings and leave a leaf, and use 1000PPM ABT1 rooting powder to soak the base of the cuttings for 15 seconds or 300PPM α-naphthylacetic acid. Dip for 3 minutes, the cutting matrix and cutting management methods are the same as above.
(3) Layering seedlings
The five-flavored 1-2-year-old vines are pressed into the soil one by one, and new branches are grown, new roots are cut, and the plants are planted for afforestation.
Third, the choice of garden, land preparation and planting
(1) Garden selection
Schisandra chinensis is suitable for slightly acidic and acidic sandy loam with high humus content. It is required to develop in areas with a frost-free period of 115 days or more and ≥10°C annual accumulated temperature of 2300°C or above. Choose a flat land with low drainage and low groundwater level, and a hillside gully . The development of Schisandra in our county should generally choose slightly acidic and acidic sandy soil with high humus content in mountainous areas, forest hollows and irrigated forest land at an altitude of 900-1400 m.
(2) Site preparation before afforestation
Before the winter or before the early spring thaw, the planting ditch is 50-70cm deep and 80-100cm wide according to the determined row spacing. When excavating the soil, place the topsoil on one side of the ditch, and place the soil on the other side. After the ditch is dug, fill in a layer of topsoil and then apply the layered fermented or semi-fermented organic fertilizer (3-5m3/mu). 2-3 times practical. After backfilling, the whole garden is leveled, and the planting belt is about 10cm above the ground.
In the wasteland, forest hollow, sparse forest land to build Schisandra, should be cut along the contour line in summer and autumn to go vines, clean up the miscellaneous irrigation, 1-2m wide. The land preparation specifications are the same as above. When the soil is prepared, the living soil is placed on the top side, and the raw soil is placed on the lower side. When backfilling, the upper living soil is filled into the hole and the grass roots, roots and stones are removed.
(3) Seedling planting
1, planting time: spring and autumn can be, autumn is generally before the end of November, spring before the end of March.
2, planting density: plant spacing 0.5-1.0 × 2m, 333-666 plants per acre planted.
3, planting method: the cultivation of the fence frame, the establishment of the column and the line are completed before planting the seedlings, the height is 2m, and the three lines are set at a distance of 60cm. In the mountain or sparse forest, it can be taken locally, artificially framed or used to guide the shelves. It can also plant trees such as camphor as scaffolding. After 4-5 years of planting, the schisandra can not be completely closed without producing a large amount of fruit before the production of fruit, and increase income.
4. Planting method: Take out the stored seedlings before planting the seedlings, soak them in clear water for 12-24 hours, and cut the roots for 15-20 cm. The planting point is 10-15cm from the vertical projection line of the overhead line, and the planting hole with a diameter of 30-40cm and a depth of 25cm is dug. The excavated soil is mixed with about 2.5Kg of mature agricultural fertilizer and backfilled into the hole half, and the skull-shaped mound is cultivated at the bottom of the hole. Place the seedlings in the holes, distribute the roots evenly, then backfill the remaining soil, gently shake the seedlings to make the roots close to the soil, fill the soil with water and water, and cover the soil with fine soil.
Fourth, soil management
1. Interplanting and weeding: more than 5 times a year, the depth is about 10cm, and the soil is kept loose and weed free in the planting belt.
2, deep ploughing: after fruit harvesting until the soil is frozen before the whole plant deep ploughing, depth 20-25cm, generally completed before the end of November.
3. Intercropping and cleaning up: In the first and second year of the park, low crops can be planted between rows. In the three-year-old or above, it is necessary to keep the ploughing and leisure, and remove the sprouts from the base of the plant before the germination.
4, fertilization: Schisandra fertilization, need sufficient water and nutrition in the growing season. After planting, you should always irrigate the water, keep the soil moist, and fill the water before freezing to facilitate wintering. In the fruiting stage of the bud, in addition to the need for sufficient water, it also requires a lot of nutrients. The fertilizer is chased twice a year, and it is carried out for the first time in the leaf-expanding stage, chasing the quick-acting nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. The second time, after the flowering of the plant (mid-growth, early June), the quick-acting phosphorus-potassium fertilizer was applied. With the expansion of the tree body, the amount of fertilizer increased year by year, ammonium nitrate 25-100g / strain, superphosphate 200-400g / strain, potassium sulfate 10-25g / strain. Combined with the deep ploughing in autumn, the farmyard manure (pig manure) is applied, and the dosage per acre is 3-5m3. On the two sides of the frame, the next year is close to the planting ditch wall. After the third year, the ditch is 30-40 cm deep between the rows.
Five, plastic trim
The principle of schisandra shaping and pruning is: stay strong and strong, and make rational use of space; go to old and stay less; stay in long branches, go to short branches and basal branches; go to sick, over dense and aging branches.
1. Stand rod: The schisandra vines are soft and can not stand upright, and need to be attached to the sticks to grow upwards. Therefore, its shaping needs to be done by setting up the poles and combining trimming. Schisandra has a small growth in the year of planting, with a plant height of 50-80 cm and an average of 150 cm in the second year. The third year can be covered with a frame. In the spring of the second year (late March), a bamboo pole with a length of 2.0-2.2 m and a diameter of 1.5-2.0 cm was inserted on both sides of the plant at a distance of 35-50 cm, and fixed on a three-lane line with fine iron wire. It is best to apply bitumen to extend the life of the part. 2-3 fixed main vines are kept on each bamboo pole.
2, fixed dry: after transplanting to dry, the standard of drying is: choose to stay 2-3 full buds, from the ground diameter of 3-5cm in addition to short cut. The time to dry is before the spring of the next year. Two vines that remain strong after germination of the plant cannot exceed three. After drying, use 2 strands of acrylic wool, one end and tie on a wooden strip about 10cm long, insert the strip into the soil near the base of Schisandra seedlings, and tie the other end to the wire on the frame, the interval of binding Be even.
3. Plastic surgery: The tree shape adopted by Schisandra is a main trunk-free pruning method, that is, each plant retains 2 fixed main vines, and the main vine is covered with raw side vines and the resulting mother branches.
The result is branches and vegetative shoots. Each tree takes 3 years to form a tree shape. In the process of shaping, special attention should be paid to the selection of the main vines. It is necessary to select the branches with strong growth, full growth, and full buds. To strictly control the number of main vines, too many main vines will cause the tree to weaken and the branches to remain chaotic.
4, pruning: Schisandra branches can be trimmed in spring, summer, autumn, and all seasons.
Spring shears: usually before the shoots sprout. Cut off the dense fruit branches and dead branches, and cut the branches to be moderately dense and do not interfere with each other.
Summer shear: Generally carried out from mid-April to late July. Mainly cut off basal branches, lychees, overlapping branches, diseased branches and so on. At the same time, too much new branches need to be thinned or short cut. Summer shears are well done, and can be lightly cut or not cut in autumn.
Autumn shears: After the leaves are gone. Mainly cut off the basal branches after summer shears.
Whenever pruning, choose 2-3 vegetative shoots as the main branch and introduce the vines.
Winter Shear: Winter pruning is also called dormancy pruning, once every development cycle. Schisandra has a long pruning period in winter, and can be trimmed from 2 to 3 weeks after the plants enter dormancy to one month before the start of the second year. Pruning generally cuts 1 to 4 buds from the obvious buds of the base of the new shoots for short-tail pruning, of which 1 to 2 buds or only the base buds are super-short-cuts; 5 to 7 buds are trimmed for the mid-tips. More than 8 buds are cut for long shoots, and 15 buds are called super long tips. The Schisandra chinensis is mainly pruned in the middle and long shoots. In the same tree, the long, medium and short tips should be trimmed according to the situation. When trimming, the cuts are about 2 cm away from the bud eyes, and no branches are left in the frame 30 cm from the ground. Before the branches are not covered with the frame, only the immature parts are cut off for the main spread long branches; the trimming of the side vines is mainly medium and long branches with a spacing of 15-20 cm, and the leaf branches can be moderately thinned or not. Cut. In order to promote the germination of the base buds, in order to facilitate the cultivation of the preparation shoots, short-tail and ultra-short tip pruning can also be performed. For the middle and long branches cut in the previous year, it is necessary to retract in time; to increase the amount of buds properly, the result group can be cut, that is, two or more result branches are cut at the same position on the side branches. The extension of the previous year should be updated with robust shoots due to excessive results. The middle long branches should be retracted in time, and only one leaf branch or medium long branch is kept at the base. Therefore, when pruning, it is necessary to form an important part of the lower part, and most of the nodes are also easy to form leaf branches, and the last year's extension branches It is also an important part of the outcome. Most of the nodes on the top are also easy to form leaf branches, so when trimming, look for alternative branches in the lower part to update. When a main vine is found to be aging or the part is moved up and the lower part is bare, the strong buds from the base of the plant should be selected to be the new main vine, and the old vines should be removed. After the plants enter the age of the plant, at the intersection of the main branches, there are often buds with large buds and well-developed buds. Most of these buds can extract very strong branches, which creates favorable conditions for renewing lateral branches. . The well-shaped Schisandra preserves 8-15 medium and long branches per plant, and the branches are evenly fixed on the frame (stent or wire) to maintain a high-yielding tree shape.
Summer frame management: In the young age, the plant should be bound to the bamboo poles to promote its upward growth in time. The new shoots of the mature trees on the side of the tree are not bound in principle. If they are too long You can leave about 10 knots of topping, and the side vines (results of the mother branch) are too long or the load is large, and the necessary binding should be given to avoid folding.
Sixth, pest control
Powdery mildew and black spot are two common diseases of Schisandra, which usually occur in mid-May, followed by root rot and leaf blight. The pests that endanger Schisandra are mainly carnivorous, adult chafer and canopy caterpillar. The hazard period is mostly from late April to late August, and the prevention methods are as follows.
The origin of the two diseases is similar. Spraying once in the first half of May, 1:1:100 times the same amount of Bordeaux mixture for prevention. If no disease occurs, it can be sprayed once every 7-10 days.
For the prevention and control of powdery mildew, 0.3-0.5 degree stone sulphur mixture or powder rusting, methyl thiophanate WP 8.0 times solution; black spot disease with mancozeb 50% WP 600-800 times solution. If both diseases are in a trend, the powder rust and mancozeb can be mixed and prepared for one-time control, and the concentration can still be used for each of the above-mentioned concentrations. In the second half of May (one week after flowering) to mid-July, deltamethrin (or omethoate) and triadimefon (or methyl thiophanate) or mancozeb (or bacteriostat) can be mixed. The above two diseases can prevent and control various pests. In management, pay attention to the reasonable distribution of branches and vines, increase the proportion of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to improve the disease resistance of plants; clean up the diseased branches and leaves before burning to concentrate burnt or deep burying, and spray 5 times stone sulphur mixture in the whole garden.
Root rot occurs in the first half of May to early August, which is harmful to the roots. Control methods: 1 select land with high dryness and good drainage; 2 use 50% carbendazim 500-1000 times liquid rhizosphere watering. Leaf blight occurs in the late May to early August, causing damage to the leaves. Control method: The initial stage of the disease was sprayed alternately with 50% thiophanate 1000 times solution and 3% Jinggangmycin 50 ml/liter (PPm) solution. The number of sprays may depend on the condition.
In management, pay attention to the reasonable distribution of branches and vines, increase the proportion of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to improve the disease resistance of plants; clean up the diseased branches and leaves before burning to concentrate burnt or deep burying, and spray 5 times stone sulphur mixture in the whole garden. In order to prevent blight and other soil-borne diseases, 800-1000 times 50% dexamethasone is sprayed with water after planting the soil.
Seven, collection and storage standards
Collection: From September to October every year, when the fruit of Schisandra is bright red, it is picked from the base of the ear, and the fruit branches and impurities are removed, and dried in the sun. During the drying process, it should be frequently flipped to avoid mildew. When it is dry until the hand is elastic, and the hand can be restored to its original state, the water content of the fruit is about 12%, which is dry. After drying, store in a dry and ventilated place to prevent mildew and insects; if it is rainy or cloudy, it can be placed indoors at 35 °C for drying. During the baking process, it should be turned over to prevent mold and deterioration. After picking up, pick up the fruit branches and impurities.
Storage: The safety water content of Schisandra chinensis is 13%-15%, so it should be stored in a dry and ventilated place. During the storage process, the water is easy to lose weight, and it is damp and mildewed. Therefore, it should be checked regularly during storage, pay attention to whether there is moisture, softness, mildew, dryness, etc., and keep the environment clean, dry and ventilated.
Standard: According to the National Pharmaceutical Administration and the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, the specifications of the medicinal materials are divided into one and two.
The first-class product standard is: dry goods. It is irregularly spherical or elliptical. The surface is purplish red or reddish brown, shrinking, fleshy and soft, with 1-2 seeds of kidney-shaped seeds. The flesh is sour, the seeds have aroma, and the taste is bitter. Dry glutinous grains do not exceed 2%, no stalks, impurities, insects, mildew. The first-grade Schisandra chinensis contains oil and has a high content of medicinal ingredients.
The second-class product standard is: dry goods. It is irregularly spherical or elliptical. The surface is black red, dark red or reddish, shrinking, thinner meat, and 1-2 capsules of kidney-shaped seeds. The flesh is sour, the seeds have aroma, the taste is slightly bitter, the dry granules are no more than 20%, and there are no stalks, impurities, insects and mildew.
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