For a long time, the working people of our country have accumulated rich experience in the recognition and development and utilization of the economic value of black beans. This is for the Chinese people who are mainly vegetarians, both in the consumption of black beans and in the medicinal properties of black beans. On the other hand, they all played an important historical role.
1. Development and utilization of black beans With the advancement of science and technology and the improvement of people's living standards, the application of black beans in the food industry, pharmaceutical industry, feed industry, chemical industry and other fields will become more and more extensive. The prospects for the comprehensive development and utilization of black beans are very high. broad.
(1) Black beans are important emerging food industry raw materials Black foods have health functions such as scavenging free radicals, delaying senility, improving nutritional anemia, enhancing immunity, improving sexual function, sedation and improving sleep, while black beans are black foods. By. It was determined that the amount of flavonoids and flavonoids contained in black beans was 5 to 7 times higher than that of ordinary soybeans; the dietary fiber content was 12.26%, which was 1 times higher than that of black rice; the essential amino acid content in black beans was also Other black grains cannot match.
(2) Black beans have a wide range of uses in the pharmaceutical industry and other industries Black beans are cheap and important raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry. Chinese medicine practitioners believe that black beans and black bean jerseys have the effect of nourishing blood, eliminating sweat, and nourishing yin and tonifying kidney. Modern medical research shows that black soybean oil can prevent diseases such as atherosclerosis, gastrointestinal ulcers, and enteritis. Soy lecithin extracted from black beans and biological active substances such as saponins and isoflavones can prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. Disease and cancer. In addition, like black beans, black beans are also important raw materials for the chemical industry and can be used to make paints, printing inks, glycerin, artificial fibers, artificial wool, plastics, glues, photographic film and other items. With the further development of science and technology, black bean deep processing products will certainly have a greater breakthrough.
(3) Black bean is an important raw material for feed industry Black bean stems and leaves, black bean seeds and their by-products during processing have always been high-quality feed for livestock and poultry. The green and black bean stems and leaves can be directly used for feeding livestock and poultry. Its nutritional value is no less than that of earthworms. Especially when mixed with corn silage, the effect will be better. After harvesting, the black bean straw contains 5.7% of protein, digestibility is 2.3%, and its nutrient content is higher than that of corn straw, which is a good feed for cattle and sheep. Grinding with other feeds to feed pigs or pellet feed to feed rabbits, the effect is very good. Black bean seed and bean cake are good protein feeds, rich in protein, amino acid, mineral elements and vitamins. They are important raw materials for formulating compound feed and extruded feed in the feed industry.
(4) Black beans have special application in agricultural production The rational rotation of black beans and other crops can regulate soil nutrients, fertilize fertility, and reduce diseases, insects and weeds, which is a traditional measure for increasing agricultural production. Like soybeans, black bean roots grow many rhizobia and can fix free nitrogen in the air. In the Jinzhong area of ​​Shanxi province, the soil total nitrogen content was 0.095% and the available potassium content was 186 mg/kg. The total nitrogen and available potassium contents in the soil were 0.099% and 312 mg/kg, respectively, in wheat and bean rotation. The number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil increased exponentially, and the aggregate structure of the 20 cm top soil layer increased.
2. Storing characteristics of black beans In addition to the phenomenon of heat mildew, condensation, and worms that commonly occur in cereals during storage, black beans mainly suffer from problems such as discoloration, bad taste, hygroscopic and mildew, and poor quality. Quality deterioration is mainly reflected in protein denaturation, fat deterioration, increased acid value, reduced oil yield, and germination power.
(1) Discolored immersed oil If the beans are unfavorable during the storage period, or stored for too long, the cotyledons can easily run off. This is due to the fact that under high temperature conditions, proteins and fats are denatured and the fat and protein coexist in the emulsified state. The discoloration of black beans and the quality of oil after soaking will be greatly reduced, and there will be a rancid odor when processed and eaten, so that the color of soymilk is dark red and the food has a odor.
(2) Moisture-producing black soybeans have thin seed capsules, large beaded pores, and high protein content, so the volume after moisture absorption can be increased by 2 to 3 times, and at the same time, breathing is increased, and mildew is easily generated. When the moisture content is 15% to 16% and the temperature is 20°C, there is a danger of heat and mildew. During the early stage of black moldy mildew, the beans became soft, the seed coat was dark, and the food had an odor. Then the beans expanded and soon became moldy. The moldy soybeans gradually turn black and have rancid odor, which is the result of protein denaturation.
3. Storage method of black beans (1) Dry storage method Under normal temperature, the safe storage moisture of black beans is 11% to 13%, and the critical moisture is 1.4%. The harvested black beans are mostly harvested after the Mid-Autumn Festival, and methods of drying and harvesting after harvest include solar exposure and equipment drying. As long as climatic conditions permit, the solar drying method is simple, economical and practical, but it has a large labor intensity and poor sanitary conditions, and is suitable for use by small plants.
There are many types of equipment used for drying black beans, such as drum type, air-flow hot air dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and far-infrared dryers. The use of dry equipment, good effect, high efficiency, not limited by the climate, but the equipment investment, high cost.
(2) Ventilation Storage Ventilation storage means that during the storage process of black beans, good ventilation should be maintained so that dry, low-temperature air can continuously pass through the black bean grains to lower the temperature, reduce moisture, and prevent localized fever and mildew.
Ventilation storage is often used in conjunction with dry storage. Ventilation methods include natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Natural ventilation is the use of indoor and outdoor natural temperature difference and pressure difference ventilation, which is affected by the climate. Mechanical ventilation is to provide ventilation trenches and vents in the warehouse, or to install removable ventilation pipes or distribution chambers in the stack or silo. Mechanical ventilation is not affected by the seasons, and the effect is good, but it consumes large amounts of energy.
(3) The advantage of cryogenic storage at low temperatures is that it can effectively prevent the erosion of microorganisms and pests, so that the seeds can be dormant and reduce the respiration. According to tests, temperatures below 10°C, pests and microorganisms basically stop breeding, and they become coma below 8°C. When they reach 0°C or less, they can kill pests.
Low-temperature storage is mainly achieved through two means of heat insulation and temperature reduction. In addition to the natural ventilation and temperature reduction in winter, it is generally necessary to set partitions, heat insulation materials, and refrigeration equipment in the warehouse.
(4) Closed Storage The principle of hermetic storage is to be sealed off from the outside world in a closed manner, so as to reduce the influence of environmental temperature and humidity on black bean grains, so as to maintain a stable dry and low temperature state and prevent the invasion of insect pests. At the same time, under the confined conditions, due to lack of oxygen, it can not only inhibit the breathing of black beans, but also inhibit the reproduction of pests and microorganisms.
Closed storage methods include full-closed storage and single-packed storage. The closed storage room of the full warehouse requires high requirements and costs. Single package sealed storage, plastic film packaging can be used, this method is good for small-scale storage, but also pay attention to the moisture content should not be too high, otherwise it is prone to deterioration.
(5) Chemical Storage The chemical storage method is to add a certain kind of drug that can inactivate enzymes and kill pests in black beans before or during the storage of black beans, so as to achieve the purpose of safe storage. This method is used in combination with the airtight method, drying method, etc., and the effect will be better. Wang Chaozhi Authors: Agricultural Service Center, Zhuyu Town, Xiaoyi City, Shanxi Province From: “Processing of Agricultural Products†2006.11
1. Development and utilization of black beans With the advancement of science and technology and the improvement of people's living standards, the application of black beans in the food industry, pharmaceutical industry, feed industry, chemical industry and other fields will become more and more extensive. The prospects for the comprehensive development and utilization of black beans are very high. broad.
(1) Black beans are important emerging food industry raw materials Black foods have health functions such as scavenging free radicals, delaying senility, improving nutritional anemia, enhancing immunity, improving sexual function, sedation and improving sleep, while black beans are black foods. By. It was determined that the amount of flavonoids and flavonoids contained in black beans was 5 to 7 times higher than that of ordinary soybeans; the dietary fiber content was 12.26%, which was 1 times higher than that of black rice; the essential amino acid content in black beans was also Other black grains cannot match.
(2) Black beans have a wide range of uses in the pharmaceutical industry and other industries Black beans are cheap and important raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry. Chinese medicine practitioners believe that black beans and black bean jerseys have the effect of nourishing blood, eliminating sweat, and nourishing yin and tonifying kidney. Modern medical research shows that black soybean oil can prevent diseases such as atherosclerosis, gastrointestinal ulcers, and enteritis. Soy lecithin extracted from black beans and biological active substances such as saponins and isoflavones can prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. Disease and cancer. In addition, like black beans, black beans are also important raw materials for the chemical industry and can be used to make paints, printing inks, glycerin, artificial fibers, artificial wool, plastics, glues, photographic film and other items. With the further development of science and technology, black bean deep processing products will certainly have a greater breakthrough.
(3) Black bean is an important raw material for feed industry Black bean stems and leaves, black bean seeds and their by-products during processing have always been high-quality feed for livestock and poultry. The green and black bean stems and leaves can be directly used for feeding livestock and poultry. Its nutritional value is no less than that of earthworms. Especially when mixed with corn silage, the effect will be better. After harvesting, the black bean straw contains 5.7% of protein, digestibility is 2.3%, and its nutrient content is higher than that of corn straw, which is a good feed for cattle and sheep. Grinding with other feeds to feed pigs or pellet feed to feed rabbits, the effect is very good. Black bean seed and bean cake are good protein feeds, rich in protein, amino acid, mineral elements and vitamins. They are important raw materials for formulating compound feed and extruded feed in the feed industry.
(4) Black beans have special application in agricultural production The rational rotation of black beans and other crops can regulate soil nutrients, fertilize fertility, and reduce diseases, insects and weeds, which is a traditional measure for increasing agricultural production. Like soybeans, black bean roots grow many rhizobia and can fix free nitrogen in the air. In the Jinzhong area of ​​Shanxi province, the soil total nitrogen content was 0.095% and the available potassium content was 186 mg/kg. The total nitrogen and available potassium contents in the soil were 0.099% and 312 mg/kg, respectively, in wheat and bean rotation. The number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil increased exponentially, and the aggregate structure of the 20 cm top soil layer increased.
2. Storing characteristics of black beans In addition to the phenomenon of heat mildew, condensation, and worms that commonly occur in cereals during storage, black beans mainly suffer from problems such as discoloration, bad taste, hygroscopic and mildew, and poor quality. Quality deterioration is mainly reflected in protein denaturation, fat deterioration, increased acid value, reduced oil yield, and germination power.
(1) Discolored immersed oil If the beans are unfavorable during the storage period, or stored for too long, the cotyledons can easily run off. This is due to the fact that under high temperature conditions, proteins and fats are denatured and the fat and protein coexist in the emulsified state. The discoloration of black beans and the quality of oil after soaking will be greatly reduced, and there will be a rancid odor when processed and eaten, so that the color of soymilk is dark red and the food has a odor.
(2) Moisture-producing black soybeans have thin seed capsules, large beaded pores, and high protein content, so the volume after moisture absorption can be increased by 2 to 3 times, and at the same time, breathing is increased, and mildew is easily generated. When the moisture content is 15% to 16% and the temperature is 20°C, there is a danger of heat and mildew. During the early stage of black moldy mildew, the beans became soft, the seed coat was dark, and the food had an odor. Then the beans expanded and soon became moldy. The moldy soybeans gradually turn black and have rancid odor, which is the result of protein denaturation.
3. Storage method of black beans (1) Dry storage method Under normal temperature, the safe storage moisture of black beans is 11% to 13%, and the critical moisture is 1.4%. The harvested black beans are mostly harvested after the Mid-Autumn Festival, and methods of drying and harvesting after harvest include solar exposure and equipment drying. As long as climatic conditions permit, the solar drying method is simple, economical and practical, but it has a large labor intensity and poor sanitary conditions, and is suitable for use by small plants.
There are many types of equipment used for drying black beans, such as drum type, air-flow hot air dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and far-infrared dryers. The use of dry equipment, good effect, high efficiency, not limited by the climate, but the equipment investment, high cost.
(2) Ventilation Storage Ventilation storage means that during the storage process of black beans, good ventilation should be maintained so that dry, low-temperature air can continuously pass through the black bean grains to lower the temperature, reduce moisture, and prevent localized fever and mildew.
Ventilation storage is often used in conjunction with dry storage. Ventilation methods include natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Natural ventilation is the use of indoor and outdoor natural temperature difference and pressure difference ventilation, which is affected by the climate. Mechanical ventilation is to provide ventilation trenches and vents in the warehouse, or to install removable ventilation pipes or distribution chambers in the stack or silo. Mechanical ventilation is not affected by the seasons, and the effect is good, but it consumes large amounts of energy.
(3) The advantage of cryogenic storage at low temperatures is that it can effectively prevent the erosion of microorganisms and pests, so that the seeds can be dormant and reduce the respiration. According to tests, temperatures below 10°C, pests and microorganisms basically stop breeding, and they become coma below 8°C. When they reach 0°C or less, they can kill pests.
Low-temperature storage is mainly achieved through two means of heat insulation and temperature reduction. In addition to the natural ventilation and temperature reduction in winter, it is generally necessary to set partitions, heat insulation materials, and refrigeration equipment in the warehouse.
(4) Closed Storage The principle of hermetic storage is to be sealed off from the outside world in a closed manner, so as to reduce the influence of environmental temperature and humidity on black bean grains, so as to maintain a stable dry and low temperature state and prevent the invasion of insect pests. At the same time, under the confined conditions, due to lack of oxygen, it can not only inhibit the breathing of black beans, but also inhibit the reproduction of pests and microorganisms.
Closed storage methods include full-closed storage and single-packed storage. The closed storage room of the full warehouse requires high requirements and costs. Single package sealed storage, plastic film packaging can be used, this method is good for small-scale storage, but also pay attention to the moisture content should not be too high, otherwise it is prone to deterioration.
(5) Chemical Storage The chemical storage method is to add a certain kind of drug that can inactivate enzymes and kill pests in black beans before or during the storage of black beans, so as to achieve the purpose of safe storage. This method is used in combination with the airtight method, drying method, etc., and the effect will be better. Wang Chaozhi Authors: Agricultural Service Center, Zhuyu Town, Xiaoyi City, Shanxi Province From: “Processing of Agricultural Products†2006.11
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