As we all know, potatoes are one of the four food crops in China, and they are also delicious vegetables, rich in protein. In many areas of China, there are cultivated potatoes. Take Henan Province as an example. It is mainly cultivated in spring and autumn, and it is widely cultivated in spring. Let's learn about the key technologies for spring potato production.
1. Soil preparation and fertilization
(1) Site preparation
Potatoes are harvested from underground tubers and are suitable for cultivation in sandy loam with relatively loose, water-preserving and fertilizer-preserving properties. Should choose flat terrain, fertile soil, deep and loose, convenient irrigation and drainage, organic soil-rich sandy loam cultivation. Deep ploughing should be carried out before planting to make the soil loose and breathable, improve the soil water storage and fertilizer retention capacity, and create good growth conditions for root development and potato swell. Generally 30 cm deep. If the soil is not well-rooted, it should be irrigated in advance and then deep-plowed to maintain good soil moisture.
(2) Fertilization
Potatoes are like fertilizer crops. The base fertilizer before the preparation should be based on decomposed organic fertilizer, and the compound fertilizer should be used reasonably. One is to provide comprehensive nutrition and the other is to improve the physical structure of the soil. Generally, every 667 m 2 of fertilized round fertilizer is 2000~3000 kg, high quality farmyard manure is 5000 kg, phosphorus and potassium high compound fertilizer is 50 kg, zinc sulfate and borax are each 2 kg, other micro-fertilizers are applied according to the situation, and various micro-fertilizers should generally be 2 Apply once every ~3 years.
Second, the selection of good varieties
Fine seed is the main factor for increasing production and the key to achieving high yield. Without good varieties, high-yield purposes cannot be achieved. To choose good varieties, we must adhere to the following three principles:
(1) Selecting good varieties according to different planting methods
For intercropping, it is necessary to use early-maturing or early-maturing varieties with plant type erect and short plant.
(2) Selecting good varieties according to different planting areas
In the second season, early-maturing or mid-maturing varieties with early potato, early tuber expansion and short dormancy should be used. At the same time, it is necessary to select varieties with wide adaptability and strong disease resistance according to the main diseases in the region.
(3) Selecting varieties according to different purposes
Export products require a variety of potato-shaped ovals, smooth epidermis, very shallow buds, red or yellow-yellow flesh. In the market, people generally prefer ovals, smooth epidermis or slightly shallow and fine cracks on the epidermis, shallower buds, and yellow-yellow flesh. The processing of fried strips and fried chips requires a starch content of not less than 14%, a reducing sugar of not more than 0.3%, and a variety of buds, and the top and umbilicus are not sunken. Starch processing requires varieties with high starch content, such as Zhengshu No.5, Zhengshu No.6, Dongnong 303, Feiwuruita, Zhongshu No.3, etc.
Third, dicing germination
In spring, the seedlings need to be 130~150kg for every 667m2. It is necessary to select potato chips that meet the characteristics of this variety, are free from pests and diseases, are harmless or have frozen, have a complete potato block, and have a smooth skin and good color as a seed potato. The temperature in early spring is low, the potato is not suitable for live broadcast; the germination before sowing can eliminate the diseased potato, the roots of the young shoots are also fast, the emergence of seedlings is early and tidy, the hair is planted earlier, and the potato is early, which is conducive to high yield. Therefore, seeding should be carried out after germination.
(a) whole potato germination
On the 20th day before sowing, the seed potatoes were placed in a warm-heated greenhouse for warm seed treatment. When the germination was about 1 cm, the seeds were cut 1 to 2 days before sowing.
(two) dicing germination
1. Indoor germination.
30 days before sowing, the seed potatoes were placed in a room temperature of 15~18 °C for 10-15 days. When the seed potato begins to germinate, cut into pieces, mix it with wet sand (or wet soil) in a ratio of 1:1, and spread it into a germination bed with a width of 1 m and a thickness of 30 cm. Cover the top and bottom with wet sand (or wet soil) 7~8 Cm. Or spread the wet sand (or wet soil) into a 1m wide, 7cm thick, unlimited length germination bed, and then spread a layer of potato pieces covered with a layer of wet sand (or wet soil), the thickness can not see the dicing Precisely, it can be spread 3~4 layers, then cover the wet sand (or wet soil) 7~8cm above and around. The temperature is maintained at 15~18 °C and the maximum temperature is no more than 20 °C. When the bud grows to 1~2 cm, it is taken out and placed under the scattered light to cool (maintaining 15 °C low temperature), so that the bud becomes green and becomes thick and then can be sown.
2. Outdoor germination.
Select the leeward sun to dig the germination ditch 1m deep and 50cm deep. Place the dicing block in the ditch to germination according to the indoor germination method. Set the small arch shed on the ditch to raise the temperature. Cover the grass raft at 5 pm and expose it at 8 o'clock in the morning. Go to the grass to raise the temperature.
3. Cut requirements.
Cut about 50 pieces per kilogram of seed potatoes, and each piece should be 25g. The size of the cuts should be the same, with one bud on each block. The cutter is sterilized with alcohol or potassium permanganate solution when changing the block. The incision is close to the bud eye, which can stimulate early germination and is beneficial for early emergence. A small potato of about 15 g can be cut with a knife in the umbilicus.
Fourth, timely sowing
Timely sowing has an important impact on the growth and development of plants, and is a key link to achieve high yield. The following four principles must be followed in determining the sowing date:
(1) The soil is 10cm deep and the ground temperature is sown at 7~8 °C.
(2) When the potato is broadcasted in spring, the frost should be avoided. Generally, according to the local final frost, 20~30 days is pushed for the suitable sowing date.
(3) The potato block formation period should be arranged in a season suitable for tuber formation and expansion. The average temperature does not exceed 23 °C, the sunshine hours do not exceed 14 h, and there is moderate rainfall.
(4) In the rainy areas, small whole potato planting should be carried out to avoid rotten potatoes in the field, resulting in reduced production. Zhengzhou City generally chooses a sunny day with a higher temperature in mid-March, and adopts east-west slope planting. Appropriate suppression after the sowing, flatten the slope surface, eliminate the large soil.
V. Field management
The purpose of field management is to use scientific and comprehensive agricultural techniques to create good growth and development conditions for potato plants, which is an important link to promote early maturity and promote high yield.
(1) highlighting an "early" word
The general requirement is early premature, moderately long, and late late decline. The focus of management is to timely weed and weed, topdress and fertilize the soil in the early stage, and pay attention to drainage, irrigation and pest control in the later period. The potato is usually about 30 days from sowing to emergence, and the weeds increase as the temperature rises after sowing. The potatoes should be weeded in time after the seedlings.
(2) Topdressing should be early and late
After 80% of the seedlings are out, the first top dressing is carried out, and 15 kg of urea can be applied every 667 m2. It is necessary to fill the water in time after topdressing, otherwise the fertilizer will not dissolve and the roots will not be absorbed. During the bud period, the soil is plucked and watered. At the beginning of flowering, the potato pieces enter a rapid expansion period, and the second soiling and watering are carried out, combined with weeding, and the plants are finished before the ridge is closed to prevent the tuber from being exposed to green. At this time, depending on the growth of the plant, the second top dressing is determined, and generally no topdressing is required. If necessary, a small amount of urea 10 kg can be applied.
(3) Water management
Potatoes are more resistant to drought, but they must not be dehydrated if they are to be productive. The soil water content should be maintained at 60% to 80% throughout the growth process. Especially in the high temperature stage in summer, when the soil temperature reaches 30 °C, the varieties sensitive to high temperature will produce deformed tubers, which should be irrigated in time to reduce the soil temperature and facilitate the normal growth of tubers. After the rain, the accumulated water should be drained and prevented in time, otherwise it will cause rotten potatoes in the field. Watering was stopped 10 days before harvest to facilitate harvesting.
(4) Prevention and control of pests and diseases
According to the occurrence time of major pests and diseases in different regions, timely control of late blight, aphids and mites. Prevention and treatment of late blight should be timely applied and controlled. Before the flowering, the field examination was strengthened. Immediately after the founding of the central diseased plant, the diseased leaves on the nearby plants were also removed and buried deep, and the lime was removed from the diseased plant points and the plants from which the diseased leaves were removed. Use 25% toxic mycorrhizal WP 1000~150 times solution, or 40% Ethyl aluminum WP 300 , solution, or 65% sensible zinc WP 500 times solution, or 75% chlorothalonil WP 600~800 times solution, or 50% carbendazim WP 500 times solution for spray control.
Harvest storage
The spring sowing potato can be harvested in the middle and late June, and the harvest is completed before the end of June. The output is generally 2000kg/667m2, and the high yield can reach 3000 kg/667 m 2 .
It is advisable to choose a clean, ventilated and cool semi-underground raft. Do not coexist with oils such as pesticides, fertilizers, motor oils or spicy products such as green onions, garlic and onions. The potato pieces are piled on clean sand and checked once every 10 days to remove the rotten potatoes at any time. Commercial potatoes should be stored in dark light to prevent greening.
Zhengzhou City planted autumn potatoes on August 10-15, sowing whole potatoes, using 250~350 kg of seed potatoes per 667m2. Cultivation can refer to spring cultivation techniques. Soaking seeds and germination before sowing, for Zhengshu No. 5 and Zhengshu No. 6, 5 days before sowing, soaking seeds with 5 mg/kg gibberellin aqueous solution for 5 min, then burying them in a humid sand bed for 5 days. When the bud is 1~2cm long, it can be sown. In the autumn, it is necessary to do a good job in the prevention and control of tea plague and late blight.
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