In recent years, there have been excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers in many areas of China. In some areas, especially in economically developed areas and on high-value crops, excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is also common, resulting in serious nitrogen loss and partial Phosphorus accumulation in the soil. In addition, the large amount of organic waste is not able to return to the farmland effectively, posing a threat to the environment. However, the country's national conditions have determined that the application of fertilizers in China must meet the goal of sustainable crop growth, continuous increase in farmers' income, continuous improvement of farmland productivity, and continuous improvement of the rural environment.
The concept of traditional fertilizer utilization has its own application value, which is consistent with the concept of soil nutrient resources. It is recommended to adopt the concept of nutrient resource utilization. That is, the nutrients absorbed by the crop are expressed as a percentage of the effective nutrients provided by the soil and the fertilizer. This concept is very convenient for establishing soil balance.
China is a developing country with a population of more than 1.3 billion. Its sustainable agriculture is characterized by appropriately increasing the input of fertilizers, increasing crop yields, and coordinating the relationship between high yields and resources and the environment, and maintaining ecological balance. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the utilization efficiency of nutrient resources as the primary goal of comprehensive management of nutrient resources. How to detect the efficiency of soil nutrient utilization is the primary aspect of understanding.
As early as the end of the 20th century, China has successfully developed the “Soil Nutrient Comprehensive System Evaluation Method and Balanced Fertilization Technologyâ€, which was completed by the Soil and Fertilizer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and other relevant units. More than 9,000 soil samples were taken in 28 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions across the country, and a large number of laboratories, Wimbledon rooms and field research work were carried out. During the “Eighth Five-Year Plan†period, the comprehensive evaluation of soil nutrient system and balanced fertilization were carried out on the 1.1 million mu of cultivated land in Yutian County, Hebei Province, and a set of soil nutrient comprehensive system evaluation method suitable for China's soil conditions and planting system was gradually developed. And balanced fertilization techniques.
The results in the evaluation of soil nutrient status and soil fertilization recommended fertilization, comprehensive consideration of the comprehensive and balanced supply of large, medium and micro nutrient elements, more realistic and accurate evaluation of soil nutrient status and maximum improvement of fertilizer use efficiency; The adsorption and fixation ability of seven main nutrient elements was one of the parameters for evaluating soil nutrient status and recommended fertilization. In the soil nutrient status measurement and fertilizer effect test, the “best treatment†design was creatively proposed and adopted. The study of each element is carried out under the “best†equilibrium of other elements, avoiding the neglect of the effects of the absence or excess of other elements that may exist on the effects of the studied elements; the application of combined extractants and implementation series The use of the soil nutrient rapid tester has significantly improved the efficiency of soil testing and reached the level of the internationally advanced soil testing laboratory. Based on a large number of soil tests, potted plants and field trials and demonstrations, a database, data management system and a high-yield and efficient balanced fertilization consulting service system from soil testing to fertilization are established.
In the design of pot experiment and field test, according to the results of soil test and adsorption test, an optimal treatment (OPT) and corresponding verification elements for each soil are designed to achieve a comprehensive balance of various large, medium and trace elements. Other treatments of abundance. The results showed that available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), sulfur (S), boron (B), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and calcium (Ca) below the critical level accounted for 95%, 51.7%, 59.7%, 69.2%, 30%, 25.8%, 20.3%, 17.5%, 10.4%, 5.6%, respectively. , 3.6%. The pot experiment results of detecting nutrient limiting factors and their severity showed that nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc accounted for 98% of the crop growth limiting factors in 140 soils from 17 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions). 90%, 60% and 49%, the lack of these elements are distributed in the 17 provinces where the soil was taken. Soils deficient in calcium and magnesium accounted for 14% and 18%, respectively, mainly from soils in the southern provinces. Twelve percent of the soil is deficient in iron, mainly from the soil in the north. In addition, soils deficient in sulfur, boron, copper, manganese and molybdenum accounted for 32%, 26%, 26%, 24% and 20% of the tested soil, respectively, and were distributed in the soils of the south and north.
There are two main ways to improve the utilization efficiency of crops on nutrient resources: First, agricultural measures: through the rational adjustment of fertilizer nutrient use and proportion and the relationship between fertilization and various agricultural measures, the fertilizer effect can be fully exerted; Biological pathways: The genetic potential of crops is tapped by breeding crop varieties that use nutrient resources efficiently.
Some developed countries have achieved a fertilizer utilization rate of 60% through these two channels, while China's current fertilizer utilization rate is only 40% to 45%. We have achieved positive results in formula fertilization, etc. In the future, through the combination of agricultural measures and biological pathways, it is possible to increase fertilizer utilization by 10% to 15%. If this goal is achieved, the savings in fertilizer production will be enough to feed a province's population.
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